THE ART OF RHETORIC

Made by Atidzhe Dungyova
Student of Applied Linguistics
Faculty Number: 15300421001

Rhetoric is the study of effective speaking and writing
and the art of persuasion.
We study rhetoric in order to:
1) perceive how language works orally and in writing
2)become proficient in applying the resources of language in
our own speaking and writing.

PERSUASIVE APPEALS
Persuasion, according to Aristotle, is brought about
through three kinds of persuasive appeal:
• Logos ~ appeal to reason
• Pathos ~ appeal to emotion
• Ethos ~ appeal to one's own character

• Although they can be analyzed separately, these three
appeals rhetoricwork together in combination toward
persuasive ends.
• Aristotle calls these "artistic" or "intrinsic" proofs—those that
could be found by means of the art of rhetoric—in contrast to
"nonartistic" or "extrinsic" proofs such as witnesses or
contracts that are simply used by the speaker, not found
through .

LOGOS = REASON
Aristotle wished that all communication could be transacted only through
this appeal, but given the weaknesses of humanity, he laments, we
must resort to the use of the other two appeals. The Greek term logos
is laden with many more meanings than simply "reason," and is in fact
the term used for "oration."
Sample Rhetorical Analysis:
When Descartes said, "I think; therefore, I am," his statement reflected
in its pure concision and simple logical arrangement the kind of
thought and being he believed to be most real. He did not claim, as
Pascal would later do, that our being has as much to do with feeling
as it does thinking. Descartes here equates pure rationality and pure
being, persuading us of the accuracy of this equation by the simplicity
of his statement. There is no room for the clouds of emotion in this
straightforward formula; it makes a purely logical appeal.

FIGURES OF LOGOS
In Logos, speech is used to make an argument more
reasonable.